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  <title>Mom -- Document processing, page headers/footers and pagination</title>
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  <td><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="rectoverso.html#top">Next: Recto/verso printing, collating</a></td>
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<h1 class="docs">Page headers/footers, pagination</h1>

<div style="text-align: center;">
<ul class="no-enumerator" style="margin-left: -2.5em;">
  <li><a href="#headfootpage-intro">Introduction &ndash; VERY IMPORTANT; read me!</a></li>
  <li> <a href="#pagination-note">An important note on pagination</a></li>
  <li><a href="#description-general">General description of headers/footers</a></li>
  <li><a href="#header-style">Default specs for headers/footers</a></li>
  <li><a href="#vertical-spacing">Vertical placement and spacing of headers/footers</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div>

<h2 id="toc-doc-head-foot-page" class="docs" style="text-align: center;">Table of contents</h2>

<h3 class="toc toc-docproc-header" style="margin-top: 1em;"><a class="header-link" href="#headfoot-management">Managing page headers and footers</a></h3>
<ul class="toc-docproc" style="margin-top: .5em;">
  <li><a href="#headers">HEADERS</a> &ndash; on or off</li>
  <li><a href="#footers">FOOTERS</a> &ndash; on or off</li>
  <li><a href="#footer-on-first-page">FOOTER_ON_FIRST_PAGE</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="toc toc-docproc-header"><a class="header-link" href="#headfoot-control">Control macros for headers/footers</a></h3>
  <ul class="toc-docproc" style="margin-top: .5em;">
    <li><a href="#index-headfoot-control">Header/footer control macros and defaults</a>
  <ul class="toc-docproc">
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-strings">Header/footer strings</a>
    <ul class="toc-docproc">
      <li><a href="#reserved-strings">Using mom&#8217;s reserved strings in header/footer definitions</a> (TITLE, AUTHOR, etc.)</li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-style">Header/footer style</a>
    <ul class="toc-docproc">
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-style-global">Global changes</a></li>
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-style-part">Part-by-part changes</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-vertical">Vertical placement and spacing of headers/footers</a>
    <ul class="toc-docproc">
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-margin">HEADER_MARGIN&nbsp;/&nbsp;FOOTER_MARGIN</a>
      <ul class="toc-docproc no-enumerator" style="margin-left: -2em;">
        <li>&ndash;&nbsp;<a href="#footer-margin">Important: FOOTER_MARGIN and bottom margins</a></li>
      </ul></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-separator">The header/footer separator rule</a>
    <ul class="toc-docproc">
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule">HEADER_RULE</a> &ndash; on or off</li>
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule-weight">HEADER_RULE_WEIGHT</a> &ndash; weight of the rule</li>
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule-gap">HEADER_RULE_GAP</a> &ndash; distance of rule from header/footer</li>
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule-color">HEADER_RULE_COLOR</a> &ndash; colour of the header/footer rule</li>
    </ul></li>
  </ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="toc toc-docproc-header"><a class="header-link" href="#userdef-hdrftr-rv">User-defined, single string recto/verso headers/footers</a></h3>
<ul class="toc-docproc" style="margin-top: .5em;">
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-recto">HEADER_RECTO, HEADER_VERSO</a>
  <ul style="margin-left: -.5em">
    <li><a href="#userdef-hdrftr">User-defined, single string headers/footers (no recto/verso)</a></li>
    <li><a href="#padding-hdrftr">Padding the header-recto/header-verso string</a></li>
  </ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="toc toc-docproc-header"><a class="header-link" href="#headers-and-footers-intro">Headers and footers on the same page</a></h3>
<h3 class="toc toc-docproc-header" style="margin-top: .75em;"><a class="header-link" href="#pagination-intro">Pagination</a></h3>
<ul class="toc-docproc" style="margin-top: .5em;">
  <li><a href="#index-pagination">Pagination macros</a></li>
  <li><a href="#index-paginate-control">Pagination control macros and defaults</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="toc toc-docproc-header"><a class="header-link" href="#blank-pages">Inserting blank pages into a document</a></h3>

<div class="rule-medium" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><hr/></div>

<h2 id="headfootpage-intro" class="macro-group">Managing page headers and footers</h2>

<div id="headerfooter" class="box-tip">
<p class="tip-top">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
Because headers and footers are virtually identical, this
documentation addresses itself only to headers.  In all cases,
unless otherwise noted, descriptions of headers describe footers as
well.
</p>

<p class="tip-bottom">
Furthermore, any
<a href="definitions.html#controlmacro">control macro</a>
that begins with HEADER_ may be used to control footers, simply by
replacing HEADER_ with FOOTER_.
</p>
</div>

<p style="margin-top: -.75em;">
<a href="definitions.html#header">Headers</a>
and
<a href="definitions.html#footer">footers</a>,
as defined in the section
<a href="definitions.html#mom">Mom&#8217;s Document Processing Terms</a>,
are those parts of a document that contain information about the document
itself which appear in the margins either above or below
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>.
They are, in all respects but two, identical.  The differences are:
</p>
<ol style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: -.5em;">
  <li>headers appear in the margin <i>above</i> running text while
      footers appear in the margin <i>beneath</i> running text;
  </li>
  <li>the (optional) rule that separates headers from running
      text appears <i>below</i> the header while
      the (optional) rule that separates footers from running
      text appears <i>above</i> the footer.
  </li>
</ol>

<div id="pagination-note" class="box-tip" style="margin-top: 1.5em;">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
While the single page number that mom generates in either the top
or bottom margin above or below running text is technically a kind
of header/footer, mom and this documentation treat it as a separate
page element.
</p>
</div>

<div id="author-note" class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Author's note:</span>
Left to their own devices (ie if you&#8217;re happy with the way
mom does things by default), headers are something you never have to
worry about.  You can skip reading this section entirely.  But if
you want to change them, be advised that headers have more macros to
control their appearance than any other document element.  The text
of this documentation becomes correspondingly dense at this point.
</p>
</div>

<h3 id="description-general" class="docs">General description of headers/footers</h3>

<p>
Headers comprise three distinct parts: a left part, a centre part,
and a right part.  Each part contains text (a &#8220;string&#8221;)
that identifies some aspect of the document as a whole.
</p>

<p>
The left part (&#8220;header-left&#8221;) lines up with the
document&#8217;s left margin.  The centre part (&#8220;header
centre&#8221;) is centred on the document&#8217;s line length.
The right part (&#8220;header-right&#8221;) lines up with the
document&#8217;s right margin.  Not all parts need contain a string,
and if you don&#8217;t want headers at all, you can turn them off
completely.
</p>

<div class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note to groff experts:</span>
Although mom&#8217;s headers resemble the three-part titles
generated by <kbd>.tl</kbd>, they&#8217;re in no way related to it,
nor based upon it. <kbd>.tl</kbd> is not used at all in mom.
</p>
</div>

<p>
Normally, mom fills headers with strings appropriate to the document
type selected with
<a href="docprocessing.html#doctype">DOCTYPE</a>.
You can, however, supply whatever strings you like&mdash;including
page numbers&mdash;to go in any part of headers.  What&#8217;s more,
you can set the family, font, size, colour and capitalization style
(caps, caps/lower-case, or smallcaps) for each header part individually.
</p>

<p>
By default, mom prints a horizontal rule beneath headers to separate
them visually from running text.  In the case of footers, the rule
is above.  You can increase or decrease the space between the header
and the rule if you like (with
<kbd><a href="#hdrftr-rule-gap">HEADER_RULE_GAP</a></kbd>),
or remove it completely.
</p>

<h3 id="header-style" class="docs">Default specs for headers/footers</h3>

<p>
Mom makes small type adjustments to each part of the header (left,
centre, right) to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result.  The
defaults are listed below.  (The strings mom puts by default in each
part are explained in
<a href="docprocessing.html#doctype">DOCTYPE</a>.)
</p>

<div class="defaults-container" style="padding-bottom: 8px;">
<p class="defaults" style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<i>Note:</i> Except for capitalization (all caps or caps/lower-case),
these defaults apply only to
<a href="docprocessing.html#printstyle">PRINTSTYLE&nbsp;<kbd>TYPESET</kbd></a>.
</p>
<span class="pre defaults">
TYPE SPEC    HEADER LEFT         HEADER CENTER       HEADER RIGHT
---------    -----------         -------------       ------------
Family       document default    document default    document default
Font         roman               italic              roman
Colour       (black)             (black)             (black)
All caps     no                  no                  yes
Size*        -.5 (points)        -.5 (points)        -2 (points)
            (-2 if all caps)    (-2 if all caps)    (-.5 if not all caps)

*Relative to the point size of <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>
</span>
</div>

<p style="margin-top: -1.5em;">
You can, of course, change any of the defaults using the appropriate
control macros.  And should you wish to design headers from the
ground up, mom has a special macro
<a href="#hdrftr-plain">HEADER_PLAIN</a>
that removes all type adjustments to headers.  The
type specs for running text are used instead, providing a simple
reference point for any alterations you want to make to the family,
font, size, and capitalization style of any header part.
</p>

<h3 id="vertical-spacing" class="docs">Vertical placement and spacing of headers/footers</h3>

<p>
As explained in the section,
<a href="docprocessing.html#behaviour">Typesetting macros during document processing</a>,
the top and bottom margins of a mom document are the vertical start
and end positions of
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>,
not the vertical positions of headers or footers, which, by definition,
appear in the margins above (or below) running text.
</p>

<p>
The vertical placement of headers is controlled by the macro
<a href="#hdrftr-margin">HEADER_MARGIN</a>,
which establishes the
<a href="definitions.html">baseline</a>
position of headers relative to the top edge of the page.  The
header rule, whose position is relative to the header itself, is
controlled by a separate macro.
</p>

<p>
FOOTER_MARGIN is the counterpart to HEADER_MARGIN, and establishes
the baseline position of footers relative to the bottom edge of the
page.
</p>

<p>
The distance between headers and the start
of running text can be controlled with the macro
<a href="#hdrftr-gap">HEADER_GAP</a>,
effectively making HEADER_MARGIN + HEADER_GAP the top margin of
running text unless you give mom a literal top margin (with
<a href="typesetting.html#t-margin">T_MARGIN</a>)
or
<a href="typesetting.html#page">PAGE</a>,
in which case she ignores HEADER_GAP and begins the running text at
whatever top margin you give.
</p>

<p>
FOOTER_GAP and
<a href="typesetting.html#b-margin">B_MARGIN</a>
work similarly, except they determine where running text <i>ends</i>
on the page.  (See
<a href="#footer-margin">Important &ndash; footer margin and bottom margins</a>
for a warning about possible conflicts between the footer margin and
the bottom margin.)
</p>

<p>
Confused?  Mom apologizes.  It&#8217;s really quite simple.  By
default, mom sets headers 4-1/2
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">picas</a>
down from the top of the page and begins the running text 3 picas
(the HEADER_GAP) beneath that, which means the effective top margin
of the running text is 7-1/2 picas (visually approx. 1 inch).
However, if you give mom a literal top margin (with
<a href="typesetting.html#t-margin">T_MARGIN</a>),
she ignores the HEADER_GAP and starts the running text at whatever
top margin you give.
</p>

<p>
Footers are treated similarly.  Mom sets footers 3 picas up from the
bottom of the page, and interrupts the processing of running text 3
picas (the FOOTER_GAP) above that (again, visually approx. 1 inch).
However, if you give mom a literal bottom margin (with
<a href="typesetting.html#b-margin">B_MARGIN</a>),
she ignores the FOOTER_GAP and interrupts the processing of running
text at whatever bottom margin you give.
</p>

<p>
If mom is paginating your document (she does, by default, at the
bottom of each page), the vertical spacing and placement of page
numbers, whether at the top or the bottom of the page, is managed
exactly as if the page numbers were headers (or footers), and are
controlled by the same macros.  See
<a href="#index-paginate-control">Pagination control</a>.
</p>

<div class="rule-short"><hr/></div>

<!-- ======================================================================== -->

<h2 id="headfoot-management" class="macro-group">Managing headers/footers</h2>

<p>
The following are the basic macros for turning
<a href="definitions.html#header">headers</a>
or
<a href="definitions.html#footer">footers</a>
on or off.  They should be invoked prior to
<a href="docprocessing.html#start">START</a>.
</p>

<p>
By default, mom prints page headers.  If you turn
them off, she will begin the
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>
on each page with a default top margin of 6
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">picas</a>
unless you have requested a different top margin (with
<a href="typesetting.html#t-margin">T_MARGIN</a>)
prior to
<a href="docprocessing.html#start">START</a>.
</p>

<div class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
<a href="#headers">HEADERS</a>
and
<a href="#footers">FOOTERS</a>
are mutually exclusive.  If headers are on, footers (but not
bottom-of-page numbering) are automatically turned off.  Equally,
if footers are on, headers (but not top-of-page numbering) are
automatically turned off.  Thus, if you&#8217;d prefer footers in a
document, you need only invoke
<kbd><a href="#footers">.FOOTERS</a></kbd>;
there&#8217;s no need to turn headers off first.
</p>
</div>

<p style="margin-top: -.5em">
If you need both headers and footers, there&#8217;s a special macro
<a href="#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>
that allows you to set it up.
</p>

<div class="macro-list-container">
<h3 id="index-hdrftr" class="macro-list">Header/footer macros</h3>
<ul class="macro-list">
  <li><a href="#headers">HEADERS</a> &ndash; on or off</li>
  <li><a href="#footers">FOOTERS</a> &ndash; on or off</li>
  <li><a href="#footer-on-first-page">FOOTER_ON_FIRST_PAGE</a></li>
  <li><a href="#userdef-hdrftr-rv">User-defined, single string recto/verso headers/footers</a>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-rectoverso">HEADER_RECTO, HEADER_VERSO</a>
    <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
      <li><a href="#userdef-hdrftr">User-defined, single string headers/footers (no recto/verso)</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a href="#reserved-strings">Using mom&#8217;s reserved strings in header/footer definitions</a>
        (title, author, etc.)
    </li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a href="#headers-and-footers-intro">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a> &ndash;
       putting both headers and footers on document pages
  </li>
  <li><a href="#headfoot-control">Header and footer control macros</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<!-- -HEADERS- -->

<div class="macro-id-overline">
<h3 class="macro-id">Headers</h3>
</div>

<div id="headers" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADERS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
</div>

<p>
<a href="definitions.html#header">Page headers</a>
are on by default.  If you don&#8217;t want them, turn them off by
invoking <kbd>.HEADERS</kbd> with any argument (<b>OFF, QUIT,
END, X...</b>), e.g.,
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
    .HEADERS OFF
</span>
</p>

<p>
<b>NOTE:</b> HEADERS automatically
disables 
<a href="definitions.html#footer">footers</a>
(you can&#8217;t have both), but not the page numbers that normally
appear at the bottom of the page.
</p>

<p>
<b>ADDITIONAL NOTE:</b> If HEADERS are OFF, mom&#8217;s normal top
margin for
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>
(7.5
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">picas</a>)
changes to 6 picas (visually approx. 1 inch).  This does NOT apply
to the situation where footers have been explicitly turned on
(with
<kbd><a href="#footers">FOOTERS</a></kbd>).
Explicitly invoking footers moves page numbering to the
top of the page, where its placement and spacing are the same as
for headers (i.e. the top margin of running text remains 7.5
picas.)
</p>

<!-- -FOOTERS- -->

<div class="macro-id-overline">
<h3 id="footers" class="macro-id">Footers</h3>
</div>

<div class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>FOOTERS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
</div>

<p>
<a href="definitions.html#footer">Page footers</a>
are off by default.  If you want them instead of
<a href="definitions.html#header">headers</a>
(you can&#8217;t have both), turn them on by invoking
<kbd>.FOOTERS</kbd> without an argument, e.g.,
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
    .FOOTERS
</span>
</p>

<p>
FOOTERS automatically disables headers, and
mom shifts the placement of page numbers from their
normal position at page bottom to the top of the page.
</p>

<p>
<b>NOTE:</b> By default, when footers are on,
mom does not print a page number on the first
page of a document, nor on first pages after
<a href="rectoverso.html#collate">COLLATE</a>.
If you don&#8217;t want this behaviour, you can change it with
<kbd><a href="#pagenum-on-first-page">PAGENUM_ON_FIRST_PAGE</a></kbd>.
</p>

<!-- -FOOTER_ON_FIRST_PAGE- -->

<div class="macro-id-overline">
<h3 id="footer-on-first-page" class="macro-id">Footer on first page</h3>
</div>

<div class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>FOOTER_ON_FIRST_PAGE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
</div>

<p>
If you invoke
<a href="#footers"><kbd>.FOOTERS</kbd></a>,
mom, by default, does not print a footer on the
first page of the document.  (The
<a href="definitions.html">docheader</a>
on page 1 makes it redundant.)  However, should you wish a footer on
page 1, invoke <kbd>.FOOTER_ON_FIRST_PAGE</kbd> without any argument.
</p>

<div class="rule-short"><hr/></div>

<h2 id="headfoot-control" class="macro-group">Control macros for headers/footers</h2>

<p>
Virtually every part of headers (and footers; see the note on how
<a href="#headerfooter">&#8220;headers&#8221; means &#8220;footers&#8221;</a>
in the
<a href="#headfootpage-intro">Introduction</a>
to headers/footers) can be designed to your own specifications.
</p>

<div class="macro-list-container">
<h3 id="index-headfoot-control" class="macro-list">Header/footer control macros and defaults</h3>

<ol style="margin-top: -1.5em; padding-bottom: 6px;">
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-strings">Header/footer strings</a>
  <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-left">HEADER_LEFT</a></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-centre">HEADER_CENTER</a>
    <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-centre-pad">Padding the header-centre string</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-right">HEADER_RIGHT</a></li>
    <li><a href="#reserved-strings">Using mom&#8217;s reserved strings in header/footer definitions</a>
        (e.g., <kbd>\E*[$TITLE]</kbd> when you want
        the title, <kbd>\E*[$AUTHOR]</kbd> when you want the author, etc.)
    </li>
    <li><a href="#page-number-symbol">Replacing header-left, centre or right with the page number</a></li>
    <li><a href="#page-number-incl">Including the  page number in header-left, centre or right</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-style">Header/footer style</a>
  <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-style-global">Global changes</a>
    <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-plain">HEADER_PLAIN</a> &ndash; disable default adjustments to header parts</li>
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-global-family">HEADER_FAMILY</a> &ndash; family for entire header</li>
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-global-size">HEADER_SIZE</a> &ndash; size for entire header</li>
      <li><a href="#hdrftr-color">HEADER_COLOR</a> &ndash; colourize the header</li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-style-part">Part-by-part changes</a>
    <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
      <li><a href="#_family">_FAMILY</a> &ndash; left, centre or right family</li>
      <li><a href="#_font">_FONT</a> &ndash; left, centre or right font</li>
      <li><a href="#_size">_SIZE</a> &ndash; left, centre or right size</li>
      <li><a href="#_caps">_CAPS</a> &ndash; left, centre or right all caps</li>
      <li><a href="#_smallcaps">_SMALLCAPS</a> &ndash; left, centre or right smallcaps</li>
      <li><a href="#_color">_COLOR</a> &ndash; left, centre or right colour</li>
    </ul></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-vertical">Header/footer vertical placement and spacing</a>
  <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-margin">HEADER_MARGIN</a></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-gap">HEADER_GAP</a></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-separator">Header/footer separator rule</a>
  <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule">HEADER_RULE</a></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule-weight">HEADER_RULE_WEIGHT</a></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule-gap">HEADER_RULE_GAP</a></li>
    <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule-color">HEADER_RULE_COLOR</a></li>
  </ul></li>
</ol>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_STRINGS- -->

<h4 id="hdrftr-strings" class="docs">1. Header/footer strings</h4>

<div id="hdrftr-left" class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: 1em;">
&#8221;Macro: <b>HEADER_LEFT</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&#8220;&lt;text of header-left&gt; | #</kbd>
</div>

<div id="hdrftr-centre" class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: 1em;">
&#8221;Macro: <b>HEADER_CENTER</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&#8220;&lt;text of header-centre&gt; | #</kbd>
</div>

<div id="hdrftr-right" class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: 1em;">
&#8221;Macro: <b>HEADER_RIGHT</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&#8220;&lt;text of header-right&gt; | #</kbd>
</div>

<p>
To change the text (the &#8220;string&#8221;) of the left, centre,
or right part of headers, invoke the appropriate macro, above,
with the string you want.  For example, mom, by default, prints
the document&#8217;s author in the header-left position.  If your
document has, say, two authors, and you want both their names to
appear header-left, change HEADER_LEFT like this:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_LEFT "R. Stallman, E. Raymond"
</span>
</p>

<p>
Because the arguments to HEADER_LEFT, _CENTER,
and _RIGHT are
<a href="definitions.html#stringargument">string arguments</a>,
they must be enclosed in double-quotes.
</p>

<div class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to change the strings in
footers.
</p>
</div>

<h3 id="hdrftr-centre-pad" class="docs">Padding the header/footer centre string</h3>

<div class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: 1em;">
Macro: <b>HEADER_CENTER_PAD</b> <kbd class="macro-args">LEFT | RIGHT &lt;amount of space by which to pad centre string left or right&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p class="requires">
&bull;&nbsp;Requires a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
</p>

<p>
By default, mom centres the header-centre string on the line length
in effect for page headers.
</p>

<p>
In some cases, notably when the header-left or header-right
strings are particularly long, the effect isn&#8217;t pretty.  The
offendingly long header-left or right crowds, or even overprints,
the header-centre.  That&#8217;s where HEADER_CENTER_PAD comes
in.  With a bit of experimentation (yes, you have to preview the
document), you can use HEADER_CENTER_PAD to move the header-centre
string left or right until it looks acceptably centred between the
two other strings.
</p>

<p>
For example, say your document is an outline for a novel called
<i>By the Shores of Lake Attica</i>.  You&#8217;ve told mom you want
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .DOCTYPE NAMED "Outline"
</span>
but when you preview your work, you see that &#8220;Outline&#8221;,
in the centre of the page header, is uncomfortably close to the
title, which is to the right.  By invoking
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_CENTER_PAD RIGHT 3P
</span>
you can scoot the word "Outline" over three
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">picas</a>
<i>to the left</i> (because the padding is added onto the right of the
string) so that your head looks nicely spaced out.  Invoking
<kbd>.HEADER_CENTER_PAD</kbd> with the <kbd>LEFT</kbd> argument puts
the padding on the left side of the string so that it scoots
right.
</p>

<p>
Most reassuring of all is that if you use HEADER_CENTER_PAD
conjunction with
<a href="rectoverso.html#recto-verso">RECTO_VERSO</a>,
mom will pad the centre string appropriately left OR right,
depending on which page you&#8217;re on, without you having to tell
her to do so.
</p>

<h3 id="reserved-strings" class="docs">Using mom&#8217;s reserved strings in header/footer definitions</h3>

<p>
As pointed out in the
<a href="#author-note">Author&#8217;s note</a>
in the introduction to headers/footers, headers and footers are
something you don&#8217;t normally have to worry much about. Mom
usually knows what to do.
</p>

<p>
However, situations do arise where you need to manipulate what goes
in the header/footer strings, setting and resetting them as you go
along.
</p>

<p>
A case where you might want to do this would be if you want to
output endnotes at the end of each document in a series of
<a href="rectoverso.html#collate">collated</a>
documents, and you want the word "Endnotes" to go in the header
centre position of the endnotes, but want, say, the
<a href="docprocessing.html#title">TITLE</a>
to go back into the centre position for the next output document.
</p>

<p>
In scenarios like the above, mom has a number of reserved strings
you can plug into the HEADER_LEFT, _CENTER and _RIGHT macros.  They
are:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  \E*[$TITLE]          &mdash;the current argument passed to .TITLE
  \E*[$DOCTITLE]       &mdash;the current argument passed to .DOCTITLE
  \E*[$DOC_TYPE]       &mdash;the NAMED argument passed to .DOCTYPE
  \E*[$AUTHOR]         &mdash;the current first argument passed to .AUTHOR
  \E*[$AUTHOR_1...9]   &mdash;the current arguments passed to .AUTHOR
  \E*[$AUTHORS]        &mdash;a comma-separated concatenated string
                          of all the current arguments passed to .AUTHOR
                          (ie a list of authors)
  \E*[$CHAPTER_STRING] &mdash;the current argument passed to .CHAPTER_STRING,
                          if invoked, otherwise, "Chapter"
  \E*[$CHAPTER]        &mdash;the current argument (typically a number) passed
                          to .CHAPTER
  \E*[$CHAPTER_TITLE]  &mdash;the current argument passed to .CHAPTER_TITLE
</span>
Returning to the scenario above, first, you&#8217;d define a centre
string for the endnotes page:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_CENTER "Endnotes"
</span>
Then, you&#8217;d output the endnotes:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .ENDNOTES
</span>
Then, you&#8217;d prepare mom for the next document:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .COLLATE
  .TITLE "New Doc Title"
  .AUTHOR "Josephine Blough"
</span>
Then, you&#8217;d redefine the header-centre string using the reserved
string <kbd>\*[$TITLE]</kbd>, like this:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_CENTER "\E*[$TITLE]"
</span>
And last, you&#8217;d do:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .START
</span>
Voilà!  Any argument you pass to
<a href="docprocessing.html#title">TITLE</a>
from here on in (say, for subsequent documents) is back in the
header-centre position.  Here&#8217;s the whole routine again:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_CENTER "Endnotes"
  .ENDNOTES
  .COLLATE
  .TITLE         "New Doc Title"
  .AUTHOR        "Josephine Blough"
  .HEADER_CENTER "\E*[$TITLE]"
  .START
</span>
</p>

<p>
If need be, you can concatenate the strings, as in the following
example.
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_CENTER "\E*[$CHAPTER_STRING] \E*[$CHAPTER]"
</span>
which, assuming a <kbd>.CHAPTER_STRING</kbd> of
<kbd>"Chapter"</kbd> and a <kbd>.CHAPTER</kbd> of
<kbd>"2"</kbd>, would put &#8220;Chapter 2&#8221; in the
header-centre position.
</p>

<h3 id="page-number-symbol" class="docs">Replacing header-left, -centre or -right with the page number</h3>

<p>
If you would like to have the current page number appear in the
header-left, -centre, or -right position instead of a text string,
invoke the appropriate macro, above, with the single argument
<kbd>#</kbd> (the &#8220;number&#8221; or &#8220;pound&#8221; sign).
Do not surround the pound size with double-quotes, as you would
normally do if the argument to <kbd>.HEADER_CENTER</kbd> were a
string.  For example,
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_CENTER #
</span> 
(notice, no double-quotes) will print the current page number in the
centre part of headers.
</p>

<h3 id="page-number-incl" class="docs">Including the page number in header-left, -CENTER or -right</h3>

<p>
If you would like to <i>include</i> the current page number in the
string you pass to HEADER_LEFT, _CENTER, or _RIGHT, (as
opposed to replacing the string with the page number), use the
special
<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escape</a>
<kbd>\*[PAGE#]</kbd> in the string argument.
</p>

<p>
For example, say you have a document that&#8217;s ten pages long,
and you want header-right to say &#8220;page &lt;whichever&gt; of
10&#8221;, invoke <kbd>.HEADER_RIGHT</kbd> as follows:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_RIGHT "page \*[PAGE#] of 10"
</span>
The header-right of page two will read &#8220;page 2 of 10&#8221;,
the header-right of page three will read &#8220;page 3 of 10&#8221;,
and so on.
</p>

<!-- -HDRFTR_STYLE- -->

<h4 id="hdrftr-style" class="docs">2. Header/footer style</h4>

<h5 id="hdrftr-style-global" class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em;">Global changes</h5>

<p style="margin-top: .5em;">
The following macros allow you to make changes that affect all parts
of the header at once.
</p>

<div class="macro-list-container">
<ul style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; margin-left: -.5em;">
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-plain">HEADER_PLAIN</a></li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-global-family">HEADER_FAMILY</a></li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-global-size">HEADER_SIZE</a></li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-color">HEADER_COLOR</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<div id="hdrftr-plain" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_PLAIN</b>
</div>

<p>
By default, mom makes adjustments to the font, size, and
capitalization style of each part of headers to achieve an
aesthetically pleasing look.  Should you wish to design your own
headers from the ground up without worrying how changes to the
various elements of header style interact with mom&#8217;s defaults,
invoke <kbd>.HEADER_PLAIN</kbd> by itself, with no argument. Mom
will disable her default behaviour for headers, and reset all
elements of header style to the same family, font, point size and
colour as she uses in paragraphs.
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to disable mom&#8217;s default
behaviour for the various elements of footer style.
</p>

<div id="hdrftr-global-family" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_FAMILY</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;family&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p>
By default, mom uses the default document family for headers.  If
you would like her to use another
<a href="definitions.html#family">family</a>
in headers, invoke <kbd>.HEADER_FAMILY</kbd> with the identifier
for the family you want.  The argument is the same as for the
typesetting macro
<a href="typesetting.html#family">FAMILY</a>.
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to change the footer family.
</p>

<div id="hdrftr-global-size" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_SIZE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;+|-number of points&gt;</kbd>
</div>
<p class="requires">
&bull;&nbsp;Argument is relative to the point size of type in paragraphs.
See
<span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="docelement.html#control-macro-args">Arguments to the control macros</a></span>
for an explanation of how control macros ending in
_SIZE work.
</p>

<p>
By default, mom makes small adjustments to the size of each part
of a header to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result.  If
you&#8217;d like her to continue to do so, but would like the
overall appearance of headers to be a little smaller or a little
larger, invoke <kbd>.HEADER_SIZE</kbd> with + or - the number of <a
href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a> (fractions allowed)
by which you want her to in/decrease the size of headers.  For
example,
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_SIZE +.75
</span>
increases the size of every part of a header by 3/4 of a point while
respecting mom&#8217;s own little size changes.
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to change the footer size.
</p>

<div class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
Normally, macros that control headers have no effect on
<a href="docprocessing.html#printstyle">PRINTSTYLE <kbd>TYPEWRITE</kbd></a>.
HEADER_SIZE is an exception.  While all parts of a header in
PRINTSTYLE&nbsp;<kbd>TYPEWRITE</kbd> are always the same size, you
can use HEADER_SIZE with PRINTSTYLE&nbsp;<kbd>TYPEWRITE</kbd> to
reduce the header&#8217;s overall point size.  You&#8217;ll most
likely require this when the
<a href="docprocessing.html#copystyle">COPYSTYLE</a>
is <kbd>DRAFT</kbd>, since portions of the header may overprint if,
say, the title of your document is very long.
</p>
</div>

<div id="hdrftr-color" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_COLOR</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;colorname&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p>
If you want your headers in a colour different from the document
default (usually black), invoke <kbd>.HEADER_COLOR</kbd> with the
name of a colour pre-defined (or &#8220;initialized&#8221;) with
<a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>
or
<a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>.
</p>

<p>
HEADER_COLOR will set all the parts of the header
plus the header rule in the colour you give it as an argument.  If
you wish finer control over colour in headers, you can use
<a href="#_color">HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_COLOR</a>
to colourize each part of the header separately, as well as
<a href="#hdrftr-rule-color">HEADER_RULE_COLOR</a>
to change the colour of the header rule.
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to colourize footers.
</p>

<h4 id="hdrftr-style-part" class="docs">3. Part by part changes</h4>

<p>
When using the following control &#8221;macros, replace
&#8220;&lt;POSITION&gt; by <b>LEFT, CENTER,</b> or RIGHT as
appropriate.
</p>

<div class="macro-list-container">
<ul style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; margin-left: -.5em;">
  <li><a href="#_family">HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_FAMILY</a></li>
  <li><a href="#_font">HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_FONT</a></li>
  <li><a href="#_size">HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_SIZE</a></li>
  <li><a href="#_caps">HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_CAPS</a></li>
  <li><a href="#_smallcaps">HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_SMALLCAPS</a></li>
  <li><a href="#_color">HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_COLOR</a></li>
  <li><a href="#grouping">Grouping style parameters for the individual header/footer parts</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<div id="_family" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_FAMILY</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;family&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p>
Use HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_FAMILY to change the
<a href="definitions.html#family">family</a>
of any part of headers.  See
<a href="docelement.html#control-macro-args">Arguments to the control macros</a>
for an explanation of how control macros ending in _FAMILY work.
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to change a footer part&#8217;s family.
</p>

<div id="_font" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_FONT</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;font&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p>
Use HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_FONT to change the
<a href="definitions.html#font">font</a>
of any part of headers.  See
<a href="docelement.html#control-macro-args">Arguments to the control macros</a>
for an explanation of how control macros ending in _FONT work.
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to change a footer part&#8217;s font.
</p>

<div id="_size" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_SIZE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;+|-number of points&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p>
Use HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_SIZE to change the size of any part of
headers (relative to the point size of type in paragraphs).  See
<a href="docelement.html#control-macro-args">Arguments to the control macros</a>
for an explanation of how control macros ending in _SIZE work.
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to change a footer part&#8217;s size.
</p>

<div id="_caps" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_CAPS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
</div>

<p>
HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_CAPS is a
<a href="definitions.html#toggle">toggle macro</a>.
If you want any part of headers to be set in all caps, regardless of
the capitalization of that part&#8217;s string as given to the
<a href="docprocessing.html#reference-macros">reference macros</a>
or as defined by you with the
<a href="#hdrftr-strings">header string control macros</a>,
simply invoke this macro (using the appropriate position) with no
argument.  If you wish to turn capitalization off (say, for the
header-right string that mom capitalizes by default), invoke the
macro with any argument (e.g., <kbd>OFF, QUIT, END, X</kbd>...).
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to change a footer part&#8217;s
capitalization style.
</p>

<div id="_smallcaps" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_SMALLCAPS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
</div>

<p>
HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_SMALLCAPS is a
<a href="definitions.html#toggle">toggle macro</a>.
If you want any part of headers to be set in smallcaps, simply
invoke this macro (using the appropriate position) with no argument.
If you wish to turn the smallcaps off, invoke the macro with any
argument (e.g., <kbd>OFF, QUIT, END, X</kbd>...).
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER,_ above, with FOOTER_ to invoke smallcaps for footer
parts.
</p>

<div id="_color" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_COLOR</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;colorname&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p>
HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_COLOR allows you to set a colour for each of
the three possible parts of a page header separately.  For example,
say you want the right part of the header (by default, the document
title) in red, this is how you&#8217;d get it:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_RIGHT_COLOR red
</span>
The other parts of the header will be in the default header colour
(usually black, but that can be changed with
<a href="#hdrftr-color">HEADER_COLOR</a>).
</p>

<p>
Remember that you have to define (or &#8220;initialize&#8221;) a
colour with
<a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>
or
<a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>
before you can use the colour.
</p>

<p>
If you create a
<a href="#userdef-hdrftr-rv">user-defined header</a>
with
<a href="#hdrftr-rectoverso">HEADER_RECTO</a>
or
<a href="#hdrftr-rectoverso">HEADER_VERSO</a>,
and you want various elements within the header to be colourized,
embed the colours in the string passed to HEADER_RECTO or
HEADER_VERSO with the
<a href="color.html#color-inline"><kbd>\*[&lt;colorname&gt;]</kbd></a>
<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escape</a>.
</p>

<p>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to set the colours for the
various elements of footers.
</p>

<h5 id="grouping" class="docs">Grouping style parameters for the individual header parts</h5>

<p>
Instead of using control macros for the style parameters
of an individual header part, the parameters may be
<a href="docelement.html#grouping">grouped</a>
by invoking <kbd>HEADER_&lt;POSITION&gt;_STYLE</kbd> with a list of
keyword/value pairs.  Acceptable keywords are
<kbd>FAMILY FONT SIZE COLOR CAPS</kbd> and <kbd>SMALLCAPS</kbd>.
Keyword/value pairs may appear on the same line as the macro, or
separated into several lines using the backslash character
(<kbd>\</kbd>).  If you use the latter style, all but the final
parameter must be terminated with the backslash.
</p>

<p>
Thus, to set the header-left part in Helvetica bold, red, 1 point larger
than
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>
and all caps, you could do either
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_LEFT_STYLE FAMILY H FONT B SIZE +1 COLOR red CAPS
</span>
or
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_LEFT_STYLE \
   FAMILY H \
   FONT B \
   SIZE +1 \
   COLOR red \
   CAPS
</span>
If you need to reverse the sense of <kbd>CAPS</kbd>
or <kbd>SMALLCAPS</kbd>, use <kbd>NO_CAPS</kbd> or
<kbd>NO_SMALLCAPS</kbd>.
</p>

<!-- -HDRFTR_VERTICAL- -->

<h4 id="hdrftr-vertical" class="docs">3. Header/footer vertical placement and spacing</h4>

<p>
See
<a href="#vertical-spacing">Vertical placement and spacing of headers/footers</a>
for an explanation of how mom deals with
headers, footers, and top/bottom page margins.
</p>

<div class="macro-list-container">
<ul style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; margin-left: -.5em;">
  <li><a href="#hdftr_margin">HEADER_MARGIN</a></li>
  <li><a href="#hdftr_gap">HEADER_GAP</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_MARGIN- -->

<div id="hdrftr-margin" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_MARGIN</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;distance to baseline of header&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p class="requires">
&bull;&nbsp;Requires a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
</p>

<p>
Use HEADER_MARGIN to set the distance from the top edge of the page to the
<a href="definitions.html#baseline">baseline</a>
of type in headers.  A unit of measure is required, and decimal
fractions are allowed.
</p>

<p>
Mom&#8217;s default header margin is 4-1/2
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">picas</a>,
but if you want a different margin, say, 1/2-inch, do
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_MARGIN .5i
</span>
If your document uses
<a href="definitions.html#footer">footers</a>,
replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_.  The argument to FOOTER_MARGIN
is the distance from the bottom edge of the page to the baseline of
type in footers.  Mom&#8217;s default footer margin is 3
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">picas</a>.
</p>

<h3 class="docs">Header/footer margins and page numbering</h3>

<p>
Mom uses HEADER_MARGIN and FOOTER_MARGIN to establish the baseline
position of page numbers in addition to the baseline position of
headers and footers proper.
</p>

<p>
By default, page numbers appear at the bottom of the page, therefore
if you want the default position (bottom), but want to change the
baseline placement, use FOOTER_MARGIN.  Conversely, if page numbers
are at the top of the page, either because you turned
<a href="#footers">FOOTERS</a>
on or because you instructed mom to put them there with
<a href="#pagenum-pos">PAGENUM_POS</a>,
you&#8217;d use HEADER_MARGIN to change their baseline placement.
</p>

<div id="footer-margin" class="box-important" style="padding-bottom: 15px;">
<p class="tip-top">
<span class="important" style="display: block; margin-bottom: -1em;">Important &ndash; FOOTER_MARGIN and bottom margins</span>
<br/>
Mom requires a footer margin (ie the distance from the bottom of
the page at which to place footers) for proper operation, hence she
sets one, even if you don&#8217;t.  As stated above, her default
footer margin is 3-picas.
</p>

<p>
If you use
<a href="typesetting.html#b-margin">B_MARGIN</a>
or
<a href="typesetting.html#page">PAGE</a>
to set a bottom margin for your document (prior to
<a href="docprocessing.html#start">START</a>),
and the margin&#8217;s too close to mom&#8217;s default
footer margin (or a footer margin you set yourself with
FOOTER_MARGIN), mom will not print your footers; additionally,
she&#8217;ll give you a warning and some advice on standard error.
When this happens, you must reset either B_MARGIN or FOOTER_MARGIN
so there&#8217;s an adequate amount of space for mom to print the
bottom line of running text and the footer.
</p>

<p>
If you see the warning even when footers and/or bottom-of-page page
numbering are disabled, set a nominal footer margin of 0 prior to
<a href="docprocessing.html#start">START</a>,
as in these examples.
</p>

<div id="examples-footnotes-1" class="examples-container" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">
<div class="examples" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: -.25em;">Example 1</div>
<span class="pre">
  &lt;reference macros, etc&gt;
  .PAGINATION    OFF
  .B_MARGIN      .25i
  .FOOTER_MARGIN O
  .START
</span>
</div>

<div id="examples-footnotes-2" class="examples-container" style="margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;">
<div class="examples" style="margin-top: 0;">Example 2</div>
<span class="pre">
  &lt;reference macros, etc&gt;
  .HEADERS       OFF
  .PAGENUM_POS   TOP RIGHT
  .B_MARGIN      .25i
  .FOOTER_MARGIN O
  .START
</span>
</div>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_GAP- -->

<div id="hdrftr-gap" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_GAP</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;distance from header to start of running text&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p class="requires">
&bull;&nbsp;Requires a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
</p>

<p>
Use HEADER_GAP to set the distance from the
<a href="definitions.html#baseline">baseline</a>
of type in headers to the start of
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>.
A unit of measure is required, and decimal fractions are allowed.
</p>

<p>
As explained in
<a href="#vertical-spacing">Vertical placement and spacing of headers/footers</a>,
HEADER_MARGIN + HEADER_GAP determine the default vertical starting
position of running text on the page unless you have given mom your
own top margin (with
<a href="typesetting.html#t-margin">T_MARGIN</a>).
If you give a top margin, mom ignores HEADER_GAP; running text
starts at your stated top margin.
</p>

<p>
Mom&#8217;s default header gap is 3
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">picas</a>,
but if you want a different gap, say, 2 centimetres, do
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_GAP 2c
</span>
If your document uses
<a href="definitions.html#footer">footers</a>,
replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_.  The argument to FOOTER_GAP
is the distance from the baseline of type in footers to the last
baseline of running text on the page.
</p>

<p>
As explained in
<a href="#vertical-spacing">Vertical placement and spacing of headers/footers</a>,
FOOTER_MARGIN + FOOTER_GAP determine the default vertical end
position of running text on the page unless you have given mom a
bottom margin (with
<a href="typesetting.html#b-margin">B_MARGIN</a>).
If you give a bottom margin, mom ignores FOOTER_GAP; running text
ends at your stated bottom margin, subject to the restriction outlined
<a href="#footer-margin">here</a>.
</p>

<p>
Mom&#8217;s default footer gap is 3 
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">picas</a>.
</p>

<div class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
Mom uses HEADER_GAP and FOOTER_GAP to establish the start and end
baseline positions of running text with respect to both headers and
footers AND page numbers.  If you wish to change the gap between the
last line of running text and a bottom page number, use FOOTER_GAP.
If page numbers are at the top of the page, change the gap between
the number and the first line of running text with HEADER_GAP.
</p>
</div>

<div id="gap-note" class="box-tip">
<p class="tip-top">
<span class="note">Additional note:</span>
HEADER_GAP and FOOTER_GAP may only be used once, at the start of a
document.  In
<a href="rectoverso.html#collate">collated documents</a>,
this means that HEADER_GAP or FOOTER_GAP cannot be used to change
the gaps once they have been set.  The same applies to the Table of
Contents, Endnotes, Bibliographies, and Lists of...&nbsp;.
</p>

<p class="tip-bottom">
In the event that you need to change the header or footer gap after
the start of a document, you must do so with
<a href="typesetting.html#t-margin">T_MARGIN</a>
or
<a href="typesetting.html#b-margin">B_MARGIN</a>,
which raise or lower the top and bottom margins of
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>
but do not affect the placement headers and footers.
(See
<a href="tables-of-contents.html#toc-page-settings-example">here</a>
for a demonstration.)
</p>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_SEPARATOR- -->

<h4 id="hdrftr-separator" class="docs">4. Header/footer separator rule</h4>

<p>
The header/footer separator rule is a modest horizontal rule,
set slightly below the header (or above the footer), that runs
the length of the
<a href="definitions.html#header">header</a>
and helps separate it visually from
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>.  If
you don&#8217;t want the rule, you can turn it off.  If you want it,
but at a different vertical position relative to the header (or
footer), you can alter its placement.
</p>

<div class="macro-list-container">
<ul style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; margin-left: -.5em;">
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule">HEADER_RULE</a> &ndash; on or off</li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule-weight">HEADER_RULE_WEIGHT</a> &ndash; weight of the rule</li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule-gap">HEADER_RULE_GAP</a> &ndash; distance of rule from header</li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-rule-color">HEADER_RULE_COLOR</a> &ndash; color of rule header</li>
</ul>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_RULE- -->

<div id="hdrftr-rule" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_RULE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
</div>

<p>
By default, mom prints a header separator rule underneath headers
(or above footers). If you don&#8217;t want the rule, turn it off by
invoking <kbd>.HEADER_RULE</kbd> with any argument (<kbd>OFF, QUIT,
END, X...</kbd>), e.g.,
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_RULE OFF
</span>
To turn the rule (back) on, invoke <kbd>.HEADER_RULE</kbd>
without any argument.
</p>

<div class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to enable/disable the printing
of the footer separator rule.  (Most likely, if you&#8217;re using
<kbd><a href="#footers">FOOTERS</a></kbd>,
you&#8217;ll want it off.)
</p>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_RULE_WEIGHT- -->

<div id="hdrftr-rule-weight" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_RULE_WEIGHT</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;weight in points&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p class="requires">
&bull;&nbsp;Argument must <span class="normal">NOT</span> have a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> appended
</p>

<p>
HEADER_RULE_WEIGHT controls the weight (&#8220;thickness&#8221;) of
the header rule.  Like
<a href="inlines.html#rule-weight">RULE_WEIGHT</a>,
it takes a single argument: the weight of the header rule expressed
in
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a>
but without the unit of measure, <kbd>p</kbd>, appended.  The
argument to HEADER_RULE_WEIGHT must be greater than 0 and less than
100; decimal fractions are allowed.
</p>

<p>
Say, for example, you want a really strong header separator rule.  
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_RULE_WEIGHT 4
</span>
which sets the separator rule weight to 4 points, is how you&#8217;d do
it.
</p>

<p>
Mom&#8217;s default header rule weight is 1/2 point.
</p>

<div class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to set the weight of the footer
separator rule.
</p>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_RULE_GAP- -->

<div id="hdrftr-rule-gap" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_RULE_GAP</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;distance of rule beneath header&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p class="requires">
&bull;&nbsp;Requires a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
</p>

<p>
HEADER_RULE_GAP is the distance from the
<a href="definitions.html#baseline">baseline</a>
of type in headers to the top edge of the rule underneath.  (If
FOOTER_RULE_GAP, the gap is the distance from the top of the highest
<a href="definitions.html#ascender">ascender</a>
to the bottom edge of the rule.)  A unit of measure is required, and
decimal fractions are allowed.  Please note that HEADER_RULE_GAP has
no effect on
<a href="#hdrftr-gap">HEADER_GAP</a>
(ie HEADER_RULE_GAP is NOT added to HEADER_GAP when mom calculates
the space between headers and the start of
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>).
</p>

<p>
By default, the header rule gap is 4
<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a>.
If you&#8217;d like to change it to, say, 1/4
<a href="definitions.html#em">em</a>, do
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_RULE_GAP .25m
</span>
</p>

<div class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ if you&#8217;re using
<a href="definitions.html#footer">footers</a>
and want to change the separator rule gap.  In footers, the gap is
measured from the top of the tallest
<a href="definitions.html#ascender">ascender</a>
in the footer.
</p>

<p class="tip-bottom">
<span class="additional-note">Additional note:</span>
When using
<a href="#hdrftr-recto">FOOTER_RECTO</a>
and
<a href="#hdrftr-verso">FOOTER_VERSO</a>,
make sure that the default size for footers
(<a href="#footer-global-size">FOOTER_SIZE</a>)
is set to the largest size of type that will be used in the footer
or mom may not get the rule gap right.  Inline changes to the size
of type in FOOTER_RECTO and FOOTER_VERSO should always be negative
(smaller) than the default.
</p>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_RULE_COLOR- -->

<div id="hdrftr-rule-color" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_RULE_COLOR</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;colorname&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p>
If you wish to change the colour of the header rule, invoke
<kbd>.HEADER_RULE_COLOR</kbd> with the name of a colour pre-defined
(or &#8220;initialized&#8221;) with
<a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>
or
<a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>.
</p>

<p>
HEADER_RULE_COLOR overrides the colour set with
<a href="#hdrftr-color">HDRFTR_COLOR</a>,
so it&#8217;s possible to have the heads entirely in, say, blue (set
with HEADER_COLOR), and the header rule in, say, red.
</p>

<div class="box-tip">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
Replace HEADER_, above, with FOOTER_ to change the colour of the
footer rule.
</p>
</div>

<div class="rule-short"><hr/></div>

<!-- -USERDEF_HDRFTR- -->

<h2 id="userdef-hdrftr-rv" class="macro-group">User-defined, single string recto/verso headers/footers</h2>

<p>
Sometimes, you&#8217;ll find you can&#8217;t get mom&#8217;s
handling of 3-part headers or footers to do exactly what you want in
the order you want.  This is most likely happen when you want the
information contained in the headers/footers split over two pages,
as is often the case with recto/verso documents.
</p>

<p>
Say, for example, you want recto page headers to contain a
document&#8217;s author, centred, and verso page headers to contain
the document&#8217;s title, also centred, like this:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
    +------------------------+   +------------------------+     
    |         Author         |   |         Title          |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    +------------------------+   +------------------------+     
</span>
With mom&#8217;s standard 3-part headers, this isn&#8217;t possible,
even when
<a href="rectoverso.html#recto-verso">RECTO_VERSO</a>
is enabled.  RECTO_VERSO switches the left and right parts of
headers on alternate pages, but the centre part remains unchanged.
</p>

<p>
Any time you need distinctly different headers on alternate pages,
mom has macros that let you manually design and determine what goes
into headers on recto pages, and what goes into headers on verso
pages.  The macros are
<a href="#hdrftr-recto">HEADER_RECTO</a>
and
<a href="#hdrftr-verso">HEADER_VERSO</a>.
Both allow you to state whether the header is flush left, centred,
or flush right, and both take a single
<a href="definitions.html#stringargument">string argument</a>
with which, by combining text and
<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escapes</a>,
you can make the headers come out just about any way you want.
Use of the <kbd>\*[PAGE#]</kbd> escape is permitted in the string
argument (see
<a href="#page-number-incl">Including the page number in header-left, -centre or -right</a>),
and, as an added bonus, mom provides a special mechanism whereby
it&#8217;s possible to
<a href="#padding-hdrftr">pad</a>
the string as well.  The padding mechanism lets you create headers
that contain left, centre and right parts like mom's defaults but
entirely of your own design.
</p>

<div class="macro-list-container">
<ul style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; margin-left: -.5em;">
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-recto">HEADER_RECTO</a></li>
  <li><a href="#hdrftr-verso">HEADER_VERSO</a>
  <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
    <li><a href="#userdef-hdrftr">User-defined single string headers/footers (no recto/verso)</a></li>
    <li><a href="#padding-hdrftr">Padding the header-recto/header-verso string</a></li>
  </ul></li>
</ul>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_RECTOVERSO- -->

<div id="hdrftr-recto" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADER_RECTO</b> <kbd class="macro-args">LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT [ CAPS ] "&lt;header recto string&gt;"</kbd>
</div>

<div id="hdrftr-verso" class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: 1em;">
Macro: <b>HEADER_VERSO</b> <kbd class="macro-args">LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT [ CAPS ] "&lt;header verso string&gt;"</kbd>
</div>

<div id="userdef-hdrftr" class="box-important">

<p class="tip">
<span class="tip" style="display: block; margin-bottom: -1.25em; color: #000056; font-size: 100%;">User-defined single string headers/footers (no recto/verso)</span>
<br/>
HEADER_RECTO may be used to create user-defined, single string
headers (or footers, with FOOTER_RECTO), even when recto/verso is
not enabled (with
<a href="rectoverso.html#recto-verso">RECTO_VERSO</a>).
In such cases, the header/footer you create is the one used on
every page, making HEADER_RECTO your &#8220;I need to design my own
headers from scratch&#8221; solution.
</p>
</div>

<p>
HEADER_RECTO and HEADER_VERSO behave identically, hence all
references to HEADER_RECTO in this section also refer to
HEADER_VERSO.  Furthermore, FOOTER_ can be used instead of HEADER_
to set up recto/verso footers.
</p>

<p>
The first argument to HEADER_RECTO is the direction in which you
want the header
<a href="definitions.html#quad">quadded</a>.
<kbd>L, C</kbd> and <kbd>R</kbd> may be used in place of <kbd>LEFT,
CENTER</kbd> and <kbd>RIGHT</kbd>.
</p>

<p>
The second argument (optional) tells mom to capitalize the text of
the header. <b>Please note:</b> Do not use <kbd><a
href="inlines.html#uc-lc">\*[UC]...\*[LC]</a></kbd> inside the
string passed to HEADER_RECTO.
</p>

<p>
The final argument is a string, surrounded by double-quotes,
containing what you want in the header.  HEADER_RECTO disables
mom&#8217;s normal 3-part headers, therefore anything you want in
the headers must be entered by hand in the string, including colours
(via the
<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escape</a>
<a href="color.html#color-inline"><kbd>\*[&lt;colorname&gt;]</kbd></a>).
</p>

<p>
By default, HEADER_RECTO is set at the same size, and in the same
family and font, as paragraph text.  The control macros
<a href="#hdrftr-global-family">HEADER_FAMILY</a>
and
<a href="#hdrftr-global-size">HEADER_SIZE</a>
may be used to change the default family and size.  Changes to the
font(s) within the string must be accomplished with the
<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escapes</a>
<kbd>\*[ROM], \*[IT], \*[BD], \*[BDI]</kbd> and
<kbd>\*[PREV]</kbd> (see
<a href="inlines.html#inline-fonts-mom">Changing fonts</a>).
Additional refinements to the style of the header-recto string,
including horizontal spacing and/or positioning, can also be made
with inline escapes.
</p>

<p>
To include the current page number in the string, use the
<kbd>\*[PAGE#]</kbd>
<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escape</a>.
</p>

<h3 id="padding-hdrftr" class="docs">Padding the header-recto/header-verso string</h3>

<p>
You can &#8220;pad&#8221; the header-recto string, a convenience
you&#8217;ll appreciate in circumstances such as the following.
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
               VERSO                       RECTO 
    +------------------------+   +------------------------+     
    | Author          Page#  |   | Page#            Title |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    |                        |   |                        |     
    +------------------------+   +------------------------+     
</span>
</p>

<p>
There are two steps to padding the string argument passed to HEADER_RECTO
(if you&#8217;re unsure what padding is, see
<a href="goodies.html#pad">Insert space into lines</a>).
</p>
<ol style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-left: -.5em; margin-bottom: -.5em;">
  <li>Begin and end the string (inside the double-quotes) with the caret character (<kbd>^</kbd>).</li>
  <li>Enter the pound sign (<kbd>#</kbd>) at any point in the string where you want an equalized amount of whitespace inserted.</li>
</ol>

<p>
The situation depicted above is accomplished like this:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .HEADER_RECTO LEFT "^\*[PAGE#]#\E*[$TITLE]^"
  .HEADER_VERSO LEFT "^\E*[$AUTHOR]#\*[PAGE#]^"
</span>
Notice that the quad argument, <kbd>LEFT</kbd>, is used in both
cases.  When padding a header, it doesn&#8217;t matter which
quad argument you use, although you must be sure to supply
one.  Also note that mom does not interpret the <kbd>#</kbd> in
<kbd>\*[PAGE#]</kbd> as a padding marker (ie as a place to insert
whitespace).
</p>

<div class="box-important">
<p class="tip">
<span class="important">Important:</span>
The
<a href="goodies.html#pad-marker">PAD_MARKER</a>
macro, which changes the default pad marker (<kbd>#</kbd>) used by
<a href="goodies.html#pad">PAD</a>,
has no effect on the pad marker used in the HEADER_RECTO string.  If
you absolutely must have a literal pound sign in your HEADER_RECTO
string, use the escape sequence for the pound sign
(&nbsp;<kbd>\[sh]</kbd>&nbsp;) where you want the pound sign to go.
</p>
</div>

<!-- -HDRFTR_RECTOVERSO- -->

<h2 id="headers-and-footers-intro" class="macro-group">Headers and footers on the same page</h2>

<p>
Normally, mom prints either a header or a footer, but not both, depending on whether
<a href="#headers">HEADERS</a>
or
<a href="#footers">FOOTERS</a>
is enabled.  (Page numbering, whether in the top margin
or the bottom, is not considered a header or a footer.)
Should you need both headers and footers on the same page, the
single macro HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS is the way to set it up.
</p>

<div id="headers-and-footers" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">(see Invocation)</kbd>
</div>

<p>
Invocation:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp" style="margin-bottom: -1em;">
  .HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS \
  &lt;L | C | R&gt; "&lt;header-recto string&gt;" \
  &lt;L | C | R&gt; "&lt;footer-recto string&gt;" \
  &lt;L | C | R&gt; "&lt;header-verso string&gt;" \
  &lt;L | C | R&gt; "&lt;footer-verso string&gt;"
</span>
or
<span class="pre-in-pp" style="margin-top: -.5em;">
  .HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS &lt;anything&gt;
</span>
</p>

<p>
Unlike the macros,
<a href="#headers">HEADERS</a>
and
<a href="#footers">FOOTERS</a>,
which are
<a href="definitions.html#toggle">toggle</a>
macros, HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS requires that you supply the information
you want in the headers and footers yourself.  Mom does no automatic
generation of things like the title and the author in headers and
footers when you&#8217;re using HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS.  Furthermore,
style changes&mdash;family, font, pointsize, colour, capitalization,
etc &mdash;are entirely your responsibility and must be made with
<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escapes</a>
in the arguments passed to <kbd>&#8220;&lt;recto
&#8221;header string&gt;&#8220;</kbd>, <kbd>&lt;recto footer
string&gt;&#8220;</kbd>, etc.  By default, mom sets the headers and
footers created with HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS in the same family, font,
point size, capitalization style and colour as
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>.
</p>

<p>
The manner of entering what you want is identical to the way you
input
<a href="#userdef-hdrftr-rv">single string headers and footers</a>.
I suggest reading up on them, as well as looking at the entries,
<kbd><a href="#hdrftr-rectoverso">HEADER_RECTO</a></kbd>
and
<a href="#reserved-strings">Using mom&#8217;s reserved strings in header/footer definitions</a>.
</p>

<p>
The same
<a href="#padding-hdrftr">padding mechanism</a>
used in HEADER_RECTO and HEADER_VERSO is available in the
<a href="definitions.html#stringargument">string arguments</a>
passed to HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS, allowing you to simulate two- and
three-part headers and footers.
</p>

<p>
<kbd>L | C | R</kbd> in the arguments to HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS refers
to whether you want the specific header or footer part on the left,
in the middle, or on the right.  (You can also use the longer forms,
<kbd>LEFT</kbd>, <kbd>CENTER</kbd> and <kbd>RIGHT</kbd>.)  The
string you give afterwards is whatever text you want, including
mom&#8217;s
<a href="#reserved-strings">reserved strings</a>,
and whatever
<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escapes</a>
you need to change things like family and font, pointsize, colour,
etc. as you go along.
</p>

<p>
Note the backslashes in the invocation, above.  Every set of
arguments given this way to HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS <i>except the
last</i> requires a backslash after it.  The use of backslashes
isn&#8217;t required if you want to put the entire argument list on
the same (very long!) line as the macro itself; I recommend sticking
to the style shown above to keep things manageable.
</p>

<p>
If you want to disable having both headers and footers on the same
page, invoke <kbd>.HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</kbd> with any argument
you want (e.g., <kbd>OFF, QUIT, END, X...</kbd>). Mom will restore
her default behaviour of setting automatically generated page
headers, with the page number, centered, at the bottom of the
page.  If you would prefer footers instead of headers after turning
HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS off, invoke
<a href="#footers"><kbd>.FOOTERS</kbd></a>
afterwards.
</p>

<h4 class="docs" style="margin-bottom: 1em;">Examples of HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS usage</h4>

<div id="examples-userdef-hdrftr-1" class="examples-container" style="padding-bottom: 0;">
<div class="examples" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 0;">Example 1: Header and footer the same on every page</div>
<span class="pre">
.HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS \          +-----------------------+
C "\E*[$TITLE]" \               |         Title         |
L "^\E*[$AUTHOR]#\*[PAGE#]^"    |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                |                       |
                                | Author          Pg. # |
                                +-----------------------+
</span>

<p>
<kbd>\E*[$TITLE]</kbd> and <kbd>\E*[$AUTHOR]</kbd> will print the
strings you pass to
<a href="docprocessing.html#title">TITLE</a>
and
<a href="docprocessing.html#author">AUTHOR</a>;
<kbd>\*[PAGE#]</kbd> is how you include the page number in a header
or footer string.  (For a list of special strings you can use in
headers and footers, see
<a href="#reserved-strings">here</a>.)
</p>

<p>
You don&#8217;t have to use these special strings.  You can type
in anything you like.  I&#8217;ve only used them here to show that
they&#8217;re available.
</p>
</div>

<div id="examples-userdef-hdrftr-2" class="examples-container" style="margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 18px;">
<div class="examples" style="margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 0;">Example 2: Different headers and footers on recto/verso pages</div>
<span class="pre">
.HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS \
C "BOOK TITLE" \
L "^\*[PAGE#]#\E*[$AUTHOR]^" \
C "Story Title" \
L "^\E*[$AUTHOR]#\*[PAGE#]^"

        +-----------------------+     +------------------------+
        |      BOOK TITLE       |     |       Story Title      |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        |                       |     |                        |
        | Pg. #          Author |     | Author            Pg.# |
        +-----------------------+     +------------------------+
</span>
</div>

<div class="rule-short" style="margin-top: 1.25em;"><hr/></div>

<!-- ==================================================================== -->

<h2 id="pagination-intro" class="macro-group">Pagination</h2>

<p>
By default, mom paginates documents.  Page numbers
appear in the bottom margin of the page, centred between two hyphens.
As with all elements of mom&#8217;s document processing,
most aspects of pagination style can be altered to suit your taste
with control macros.
</p>


<div class="macro-list-container">
<h3 id="index-pagination" class="macro-list">Pagination macros</h3>
<ul class="macro-list">
  <li><a href="#paginate">PAGINATE</a> &ndash; pagination on or off</li>
  <li><a href="#pagenumber">PAGENUMBER</a> &ndash; user-defined (starting) page number</li>
  <li><a href="#pagenum-style">PAGENUM_STYLE</a> &ndash; digits, roman numerals, etc</li>
  <li><a href="#pagenum-on-first-page">PAGENUM_ON_FIRST_PAGE</a> &ndash; put page number on first page when numbering is at the top of the page</li>
  <li><a href="#draft-with-pagenumber">DRAFT_WITH_PAGENUMBER</a> &ndash; attach draft/revision information to page numbers</li>
  <li><a href="#pagenumber-string">PAGENUMBER_STRING</a> &ndash; user-defined page number string</li>
  <li><a href="#index-paginate-control">Pagination control macros and defaults</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<!-- -PAGINATE- -->

<div id="paginate" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>PAGINATE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
</div>

<p class="alias" style="margin-bottom: 0;">
<i>Alias:</i> <b>PAGINATION</b>
</p>

<p>
By default, mom paginates documents (in the bottom margin).  If
you&#8217;d prefer she not paginate, turn pagination off by invoking
<kbd>.PAGINATE</kbd> with any argument (<kbd>OFF, NO, QUIT, END,
X...</kbd>), e.g.,
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .PAGINATE NO 
</span>
To (re)start pagination, invoke <kbd>.PAGINATE</kbd> without any
argument.
</p>

<!-- -PAGENUMBER- -->

<div id="pagenumber" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>PAGENUMBER</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;number&gt;</kbd>
</div>

<p>
As is to be expected, pagination of documents begins at page 1.  If
you&#8217;d prefer that mom begin with a different number on the
first page of a document, invoke <kbd>.PAGENUMBER</kbd> with the
number you want.
</p>

<p>
PAGENUMBER need not be used only to give mom a "first page" number.
It can be used at any time to tell mom what number you want a page
to have.  Subsequent page numbers will, of course, be incremented by
1 from that number.
</p>

<!-- -PAGENUM_STYLE- -->

<div id="pagenum-style" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>PAGENUM_STYLE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">DIGIT | ROMAN | roman | ALPHA | alpha</kbd>
</div>

<p>
PAGENUM_STYLE lets you tell mom what kind of page numbering you
want.
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  DIGIT   Arabic digits (1, 2, 3...)
  ROMAN   upper case roman numerals (I, II, III...)
  roman   lower case roman numerals (i, ii, iii...)
  ALPHA   upper case letters (A, B, C...)
  alpha   lower case letters (a, b, c...)
</span>
</p>

<!-- -PAGENUM_ON_FIRST_PAGE- -->

<div id="pagenum-on-first-page" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>PAGENUM_ON_FIRST_PAGE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
</div>

<p>
This macro applies only if you&#8217;ve enabled
<a href="#footers">FOOTERS</a>.
If FOOTERS are on, mom automatically places page numbers at the tops
of pages except on the first page of a document (or on first pages
after
<a href="rectoverso.html#collate">COLLATE</a>).
If you&#8217;d like the page number to appear on &#8220;first&#8221; pages
when footers are on, invoke
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .PAGENUM_ON_FIRST_PAGE
</span>
with no argument.  Any other argument turns the feature off
(<kbd>OFF, QUIT, END, X</kbd>, etc).
</p>

<p>
As with most of the
<a href="definitions.html#controlmacro">control macros</a>,
PAGENUM_ON_FIRST_PAGE can be invoked at any time, meaning that if
you don&#8217;t want a page number on the very first page of a
document, but do want one on pages that appear after COLLATE, omit
it before the first
<a href="docprocessing.html#start">START</a>
of the document, then invoke it either just before or after your
first COLLATE.
</p>

<!-- -DRAFT_WITH_PAGENUMBER- -->

<div id="draft-with-pagenumber" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>DRAFT_WITH_PAGENUMBER</b>
</div>

<p>
Sometimes, in
<a href="docprocessing.html#copystyle">COPYSTYLE <kbd>DRAFT</kbd></a>,
the CENTER part of page headers gets overcrowded because of
the draft and revision information that go there by default.
DRAFT_WITH_PAGENUMBER is one way to fix the problem.
</p>

<p>
Invoked without an argument, <kbd>.DRAFT_WITH_PAGENUMBER</kbd>
removes draft/revision information from the page headers and
attaches it instead to the document&#8217;s page numbering, in the
form
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  Draft #, Rev. # / &lt;pagenumber&gt;
</span>
If you have not supplied mom with a draft number (with
<a href="docprocessing.html#draft">DRAFT</a>)
DRAFT_WITH_PAGENUMBER will assume &#8220;Draft 1&#8220;, and will
print it before the page number.
</p>

<p>
See the note in
<a href="docprocessing.html#copystyle-note">COPYSTYLE <kbd>DRAFT</kbd>
</a>
for other ways of dealing with crowded page headers when formatting
draft-style copy.
</p>

<!-- -PAGENUMBER_STRING- -->

<div id="pagenumber-string" class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>PAGENUMBER_STRING</b> "&lt;text of page number string&gt;"
</div>

<p>
If you want page numbering to contain text in addition to the page
number itself, use PAGENUMBER_STRING.
</p>

<p>
The most common use for PAGENUMBER_STRING is to include the total
number of pages along with the page number, for example
&#8220;Page 1 of 10, Page 2 of 10...&#8221;  To accomplish this,
you&#8217;d enter
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .PAGENUMBER_STRING "Page \*[PAGE#] of 10"
</span>
Notice that the page number is entered symbolically with the
<a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escape</a>
<span style="white-space:nowrap"><kbd>\*[PAGE#]</kbd>,</span>
while the total number of pages must be entered explicitly after the
document is complete and the total number of pages known.
</p>

<!-- -PAGINATE_CONTROL- -->

<div class="macro-list-container">
<h3 id="index-paginate-control" class="macro-list">Pagination control macros and defaults</h3>

<ol style="margin-top: -1.5em; padding-bottom: 6px;">
  <li><a href="#paginate-general">Family/font/size/colour</a></li>
  <li><a href="#pagenum-pos">Page number position (vertical and horizontal)</a></li>
  <li><a href="#pagenum-hyphens">Enclose page numbers with hyphens (on or off)</a></li>
</ol>
</div>

<h4 id="paginate-general" class="docs">1. Page number family/font/size/colour</h4>

<div class="defaults-container" style="margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 8px;">
<p class="defaults" style="padding-top: 6px;">
See
<a href="docelement.html#control-macro-args">Arguments to the control macros</a>.
<br/>
The following control macros may also be
<a href="docelement.html#grouping">grouped</a>
using PAGENUMBER_STYLE.*
</p>
<span class="pre defaults">
.PAGENUM_FAMILY default = prevailing document family
.PAGENUM_FONT   default = roman
.PAGENUM_SIZE   default = +0 (ie same size as paragraph text)
.PAGENUM_COLOR  default = black
</span>
</div>

<p style="margin-top: -2em">
*Note: Do not confuse PAGENUMBER_STYLE with
<a href="#pagenum-style">PAGENUM_STYLE</a>.
</p>

<h4 id="pagenum-pos" class="docs" style="margin-top: 0em;">2. Page number position</h4>

<div class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: 1em;">
Macro: <b>PAGENUM_POS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">[ TOP | BOTTOM ]&nbsp;&nbsp;[ LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT ]</kbd>
</div>

<p>
Use PAGENUM_POS to change the default position of automatic page
numbering. PAGENUM_POS requires <i>two</i> arguments: a vertical
position (<kbd>TOP</kbd> or <kbd>BOTTOM</kbd>) and a horizontal
position (<kbd>LEFT</kbd> or <kbd>CENTER</kbd> or <kbd>RIGHT</kbd>).
</p>

<p>
For example, if you turn both
<a href="definitions.html#header">headers</a>
and
<a href="definitions.html#footer">footers</a> 
off (with <kbd>.HEADERS&nbsp;OFF</kbd> and
<kbd>.FOOTERS&nbsp;OFF</kbd>) and you want mom to number your pages
at the top right position, enter
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .PAGENUM_POS TOP RIGHT
</span>
</p>

<div id="pagenum-pos-note" class="box-tip" style="margin-top: 1em;">
<p class="tip">
<span class="note">Note:</span>
HEADERS must be OFF for PAGENUM_POS TOP to work.
</p>
</div>

<h4 id="pagenum-hyphens" class="docs" style="margin-top: -1em;">3. Enclose page numbers with hyphens (on or off)</h4>

<div class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: 1em;">
Macro: <b>PAGENUM_HYPHENS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
</div>

<p>
By default, mom encloses page numbers between hyphens.  If you
don&#8217;t want this behaviour, invoke the macro PAGENUM_HYPHENS
with any argument (<kbd>OFF, QUIT, END, X</kbd>, etc), like this:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .PAGENUM_HYPHENS OFF
</span>
If, for some reason, you want to turn page number hyphens back
on, invoke the macro without an argument.
</p>

<!-- -BLANK_PAGE- -->

<h2 id="blank-pages" class="macro-group">Inserting blank pages into a document</h2>

<div class="box-macro-args">
Macro: <b>BLANKPAGE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">&lt;# of blank pages to insert&gt; [DIVIDER [NULL]]</kbd>
</div>

<p>
This one does exactly what you&#8217;d expect&mdash;inserts a blank
page (or pages) into a document.  Unless you give the optional argument,
<kbd>NULL</kbd>, mom silently increments the page number of every
blank page and keeps track of
<a href="rectoverso.html#recto-verso">recto/verso</a>
stuff, but otherwise does nothing.  This is useful for forcing new
sections of a document onto recto pages, but may have other
applications as well.
</p>

<p>
The required argument to BLANK_PAGE is the number of blank pages to
insert.  The argument is not optional, hence even if you only want
one blank page, you have to tell mom:
<br/>
<span class="pre-in-pp">
  .BLANKPAGE 1
</span>
The optional argument, <kbd>DIVIDER</kbd>, must be given if
you&#8217;re inserting a blank page before the start of any new
document section (ie a new chapter, or endnotes, a bibliography,
or table of contents).  Without the <kbd>DIVIDER</kbd> argument, mom
simply inserts the blank pages and prepares the next page to receive
<a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>.
</p>

<p>
<kbd>NULL</kbd>, which is also optional, allows you to output the
specified number of pages without mom incrementing the page number
for each blank page.  She will, however, continue to keep track
of which pages are recto/verso if recto/verso printing has been
enabled.
</p>

<div class="rule-long"><hr/></div>

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